Mémoire
Résumé : Marine ecosystems face increasing pressures from both gradual and extreme climate change.Conservation planning has generally focused on safeguarding areas that are naturally buffered from these impacts—known as climate refugia—to ensure biodiversity persists in the long term. However, including areas likely to harbour stress-adapted genetic variants—adaptation hotspots—could further enhance ecosystem resilience needed to cope with both chronic and acute climate impacts. Using coral reefs in the Coral Triangle as our case study, we developed metric-based approaches for designing marine protected areas that incorporate both climate refugia and adaptation hotspots. We identified these areas using chronic- and acute-exposure metrics based on monthly and daily sea surface temperature projections from Earth System Models. Highresolution daily data was incorporated to better capture exposure to acute impacts, an approach that has been previously underused in conservation planning. Our findings suggest that integrating both climate refugia and adaptation hotspots into conservation plans better balances climate resilience and the total area needed than focusing on climate refugia or adaptation hotspots alone. Our approach not only supports global efforts to minimise climate impacts on biodiversity and achieve the Global Biodiversity Framework target to protect 30% of the oceans by 2030, butalso offers a general climate-smart framework that could be applicable to other marine habitats.

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