Résumé : Malaria remains a major public health challenge across sub-Saharan Africa, with Plasmodium falciparum responsible for the vast majority of cases and deaths. In Rwanda, although control measures have led to significant progress, malaria continues to be endemic, with urban centers like Kigali experiencing continuous transmission. With the recent rollout of malaria vaccines such as RTS,S and R21, understanding the genetic variability of vaccine-targeted antigens is essential for anticipating and enhancing vaccine performance.