Résumé : Despite the widespread use of neonatal screening programmes for sickle cell disease in Western regions, few studies have focused on the special healthcare needs in sub-Saharan African countries. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the need for a neonatal screening programme for sickle cell disease, and if justified, to propose a realistic healthcare programme for sickle cell newborns in those countries based on personal experiences in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) as well as from a review of the literature.