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Actions immunomodulatrices des lipides

par Carpentier, Yvon
Référence Nutrition clinique et métabolisme, 10, 2, page (97-105)
Publication Publié, 1996

Article révisé par les pairs

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Résumé :

The various lipid components can markedly influence immune responses as well as inflammatory reactions. Lymphocyte proliferation, a key step of the cell immune response, depends on a satisfactory supply in cholesterol, phospholipids, as well as essential fatty acids. However, the minimal requirement is rapidly exceeded and supplementation of both VLDL and LDL to lymphocyte cultures impair their activation via accessory cells. Supplementation of long-chain fatty acids (C ≤ 20) both from the n-3 and n- 6 families, or supplementation of triglycerides composed of corresponding fatty acids, systematically induce a reduction of T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is independent of eicosanoid formation. In contrast to in vitro observations; moderate inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation in response to a supplementation of n-3 fatty acids has been noticed only in a population of older female subjects. Moreover, in many pathological conditions, an increased formation of prostaglandin E2 (derived from arachidonate, C20: 4 n-6) may induce cell immune depression. In contrast to arachidonate-derived eicosanoids, eicosanoids formed from eicosapentaenoate (C20 5 n-3) have, in general, weak inflammatory and strong antithrombotic effects. In addition, increased content of n-3 FA in membrane phospholipids reduces cell response to various stimuli (e.g. decreased TNF production by mononuclear cells and reduced cachectic effects by cytokines: decreased excitability of cardiomyocytes...). From a theoretical viewpoint, supplementation with n-3 fatty acids could be of interest in several pathological conditions, particularly in those linked to an excessive inflammatory reaction i.e. endotoxaemia, auto-immune diseases, inflammatory and wasting diseases, ischaemia-reperfusions, organ transplantations. In most of these conditions, it would be of interest to promptly target n-3 FA to key tissues. However, peculiar properties of TO containing FA 'particularly their resistance to hydrolysis through different lipases' will probably lead to consider actions of specific preparations in enteral as well as parenteral administration.