par Grégoire, Jean-Claude ;Raffa, Kenneth Francis;Lindgren, Staffan B.S.
Référence Bark Beetles: Biology and Ecology of Native and Invasive Species, Elsevier Inc., page (585-613)
Publication Publié, 2015-01
Partie d'ouvrage collectif
Résumé : Large bark beetle outbreaks are regarded as major forest disturbances, ranking first in the USA before hurricanes, tornadoes, and fire, with a 20,400,000ha average annual impact area and annual average costs (shared with pathogens) above US$2 billion per year. In Europe, over the period 1950-2000, insect damage (which equates mostly to bark beetles) ranked third, with 8% of the total damage due to forest disturbances. The damage amounted to 2.88 million m3 per year between 1958 and 2001. The major direct economic consequences of these outbreaks have been widely analyzed, various mitigation methods have been designed and implemented, and diverse political, industrial, and commercial initiatives have been developed to salvage the remains of the devastated forests. However, the many other environmental and sociological consequences of these disturbances are still largely unexplored. Significant progress has been made in analyzing the multi-scale positive influence of bark beetle activity, from the landscape to the stand level, as well as the various socioeconomic changes brought by bark beetle outbreaks. Silvicultural, environmental, and social consequences of bark beetle outbreaks are described and discussed, as well as the different issues related to the salvage of damaged forests. The wider context of management policies, including risk management and exotic species management, is discussed. Five case studies are presented to illustrate how biological features of specific systems lead to particular sociopolitical issues: Ips typographus in Europe; secondary ambrosia beetles attacking living beech in Europe; Dendroctonus rufipennis in Alaska; Dendroctonus ponderosae in British Columbia; and Ips pini in North America.